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Business owners & succession

Your company is your primary asset: what it can pay you, finance, and then pass on.

Compensation, retirement, end-of-career benefits, cash flow, financing, sale, transfer: money can leave the company in several ways, and they don't all cost the same. Three tools to get started.

Remise de clés entre deux mains, symbole de la transmission d’entreprise

Three tools to get started

The rules

Four rules, from remuneration to sales.

What can my company pay me, besides salary?

The manager can join the PEE and the collective PER like his employees, and receive the same matching contribution: without social security contributions or income tax on entry.

3 844,80€per year on the PEE
7 689,60€per year on the collective PER
Article L3332-2 of the French Labor Code, in 2026, amounts to €11,534.40 per year in total. This applies to companies with 1 to fewer than 250 employees.

Transferring my business: how many rights?

With a Dutreil agreement, a portion of the value of the transferred securities is exempt from gift or inheritance taxes.

75% exemptIn a company worth 4 million euros, only 1 million is taken into account in the calculation of rights.
Article 787 B of the CGI. Since February 21, 2026: individual commitment of 6 years instead of 4, and exclusion of assets unrelated to the activity.

Selling: what changes when a share is contributed to a holding company?

Contributing one's shares to a holding company that one controls, before selling, places the capital gain under a tax deferral scheme.

70%of the price to be reinvested within 3 years
5yearsconservation of reinvestment
Article 150-0 B ter of the French General Tax Code (CGI) applies if the holding company sells within 3 years. Without deferral, the capital gain is taxed at 31.4% in 2026.

What is the purpose of a holding company?

A holding company that has owned at least 5 % of a subsidiary for 2 years only pays tax on a portion of the dividends received.

5% dividendsOf the €100,000 raised, the tax is levied on €5,000, i.e. €1,250 at the rate of 25 %.
Parent-subsidiary regime, articles 145 and 216 of the French General Tax Code. The holding company has operating costs: it is justified above a certain level of dividends.

The company

Five levers, from your pay to the sale.

Detailed guides

Sale, holding company and transfer: the guides

Management, transfer and succession

PER: Deduction ceiling and 2026 finance lawPER ceiling: 10% of the previous year's income, up to a limit of 8 times the annual social security ceiling (PASS). Since 2026, there are no more tax advantages for those aged 70 and over.Company savings plans (PEE and PER) for company directors: access and limits in 2026Business owner and PEE: access, payments at 25 %, matching contribution of €3,844.80 (up to €6,920.64 in shares), collective PER at €7,689.60.Dutreil Pact: collective and individual commitment in 2026Collective commitment of 2 years, individual commitment of 6 years since 21/02/2026: durations, thresholds, management, holdings and exemption of 75 %.Retirement severance pay: tax and contributionsVoluntary departure outside of a redundancy plan: fully taxable. Retirement: capped exemption. Employee and company rules apply.Holding company: parent-subsidiary regime and tax consolidation (95 %)Parent-subsidiary regime (5 % of capital, 2 years, share of 5 %) and tax integration (95 %): the conditions and effects for a holding company.Operating holding company: definition and transmission DutreilActive holding company: active participation in the management of the group, eligible for the Dutreil pact when the passive holding company is in principle excluded.Business registration fees: fee scheduleSale of a business: 0 % up to €23,000, 3 % from €23,000 to €200,000, 5 % above that. Calculation bracket by bracket, with a numerical example.Securities given before age 70: 50% tax reduction %Donor under 70 years of age: 50% reduction of duties on a gift of securities in full ownership, under conditions, after the Dutreil pact.Gift and reservation of usufruct: value of the bare ownershipGift while retaining usufruct: the taxes apply to the bare ownership, determined according to the age of the usufructuary (Article 669 of the French General Tax Code). See scale and example.Gift: €100,000 allowance, 15-year retroactive period, tax bracketsParent-child gift: allowance of €100,000, 15-year tax reckoning, inheritance allowance and tax scale in direct line from 5 to 45 %.Dividends or capital gains: Flat tax rate 31.4% (%) or tax scale in 2026PFU of 31.4 % or progressive scale in 2026: annual and global option, allowance of 40 % on dividends only, threshold of 10 % of capital.Partner's current account: interest, maximum rate, taxPartner current account interest: deductible if the capital is paid up, excluding any excess rate above the maximum rate. Flat tax rate of 31.4% for the partner.Retirement: €500,000 allowance on the sale of securitiesSME manager who sells his shares to retire: fixed allowance of €500,000 on income tax, conditions, duration until 2031.Transfer of a sole proprietorship: what exemptions apply?Sale of a sole proprietorship: capital gains exemption depending on your revenue (€250,000 or €90,000), the price (€500,000) or retirement.Transfer of securities: flat tax rate or tax brackets, how to chooseCapital gains on the sale of securities in 2026: Flat tax rate of 31.4% or the standard tax scale? The comparison threshold according to the date of acquisition of the securities, with a numerical example.Contribution-sale: what changes since February 21, 2026Contribution-sale 150-0 B ter: reinvest 70 % of the product within 3 years, keep for 5 years, sales from 21/02/2026. What changes and how to adapt.Discount for holding period: securities issued before 2018Abatement of 50 % or 65 % on a capital gain of securities acquired before 2018: option of scale, and choice in the face of the fixed abatement of 500,000 €.

Structuring and passing on

Choose your topic.

Simulators

Run the numbers with your own figures.

PEE (company savings plan)Collective PERArticle 83 planArticle 82 planArticle 39 planRetirement indemnitiesLombard loanInvestment loan

All our simulators

Frequently asked questions

What business owners ask us.

What can my company pay me, besides my salary?

In a company that employs at least one employee and less than 250, the manager can join the PEE and the collective PER like his employees, and receive the same matching contribution (article L3332-2 of the Labor Code): up to €3,844.80 per year on the PEE and €7,689.60 on the collective PER in 2026, i.e. €11,534.40 per year without social security contributions or income tax on entry.

For companies with fewer than 50 employees, the employer does not pay the employer's social security contribution on this matching contribution; the employee pays the CSG and CRDS social security contributions. The mandatory PER (Article 83 of the French General Tax Code) and the defined-benefit pension plan (Article 39) supplement the scheme for a certain category of employees.

End-of-career benefits: should you set aside funds or insure them?

A provision for retirement severance pay is not deductible from profit (Article 39, 1-5° of the French General Tax Code). Premiums paid into an insurance contract that finances these severance payments, when stipulated in the collective agreement, are deductible expenses, and on the day of retirement, the insurer makes the payment.

After 30 years of service, the legal minimum is 2 months' salary for voluntary departure (article D1237-1 of the Labor Code), often more depending on the collective agreement.

Transferring my business: how many rights?

With a Dutreil agreement (article 787 B of the French General Tax Code), 75% of the value of the transferred shares is exempt from gift or inheritance tax, in exchange for a collective commitment to retain the shares for two years, followed by an individual commitment from each heir or donee. For a company with a value of €4 million, only €1 million is subject to tax.

For transfers made since February 21, 2026, the individual commitment period is extended from 4 to 6 years, and assets unrelated to the business activity (residences, passenger vehicles, works of art, pleasure boats) are no longer eligible for the exemption. Now is the time to review any existing agreements.

Selling my business: what changes when I contribute it to a holding company?

Contributing shares to a holding company that you control, before selling, places the capital gain under a tax deferral (Article 150-0 B ter of the French General Tax Code). If the holding company sells within 3 years, the deferral is maintained provided that 70% of the proceeds are reinvested within 3 years in an economic activity, and this reinvestment is retained for 5 years.

These rules apply to sales made since the 2026 Finance Act, which also excluded real estate and financial activities from reinvestment. Without deferral, the capital gain is taxed at 31.4% in 2026.

What is the purpose of a holding company?

A holding company which has held at least 5 % of the capital of a subsidiary for 2 years pays corporate tax only on 5 % of the dividends it receives from it (parent-subsidiary regime, articles 145 and 216 of the CGI): on 100,000 € raised, the tax is levied on 5,000 €, i.e. 1,250 € at the rate of 25 %.

This cash can then be reinvested from the holding company without being subject to personal income tax. The holding company also serves to prepare for a sale or transfer of ownership. It has operating costs: it becomes justified above a certain level of dividends.

How can I finance a purchase without selling my investments?

A Lombard loan is secured by a pledge of securities portfolio or a assurance-vie policy (Article L132-10 of the French Insurance Code), which remain in your name and remain invested. Nothing is sold: no capital gains are taxed at 31.4%, and the policy's tax status is preserved.

We compare selling and borrowing, including tax, then we put you in touch with our banking partners, who study the request and make the offer.

Assurance-vie and inheritance: how much excluding taxes?

Capital transferred through a assurance-vie policy is exempt from inheritance tax up to €152,500 per beneficiary, for payments made before age 70 (Article 990 I of the French General Tax Code). Two children as beneficiaries: €305,000 transferred tax-free.

After age 70, only €30,500 of contributions are tax-exempt, across all beneficiaries, but the gains realized on these contributions remain tax-free (Article 757 B of the French General Tax Code). The beneficiary clause determines the rest: it decides who receives the capital.

What your company pays you, finances or passes on is decided years before the sale.